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Tax, Conflict, and Fragility

In fragile and conflict-affected settings, taxation is not only a source of revenue but also a critical foundation for building state legitimacy, strengthening public authority, and fostering more equitable governance. Our research explores how taxation functions in fragile settings, examining the challenges, risks, and opportunities it presents for peacebuilding, state-building, and citizen engagement. We aim to inform more coherent and context-sensitive policy approaches that support sustainable development and effective governance in fragile states.

Our work focuses both on how formal tax systems operate in fragile settings, as well as on the informal fiscal systems that often exist in these contexts. This includes, but is not limited to, work on:

  • Building tax systems in fragile contexts
  • The relationship between tax and statebuilding
  • Armed group taxation
  • Informal taxation
  • Roadblock taxation
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Home Research theme Tax, Conflict, and Fragility

News and events

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News
The Global Dataset on Armed Group Taxation team (from left to right): Diego Sandova, Tanya Bandula-Irwin (ICTD), Max Gallien (IDS and ICTD), Vanessa van den Boogaard (ICTD), Florian Weigand (Centre on Armed Groups), Ashley Jackson (Centre on Armed Groups).
April 2025
Launch of new project on armed group taxation

Hosted by the United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), in partnership with the…

News
Armed Soldiers at Checkpoint near Kabul, Afghanistan
June 2024
How can roadblocks and revenues shape governance? New working paper series launched

The series aims to shed light on checkpoints in conflict contexts across the world and provide a new window into dynamics of authority and power….

News
December 2022
Call for papers: Roadblocks and revenues – new geographies of taxation in conflict

Researchers are now invited to submit their paper for an upcoming workshop, “Roadblocks and revenues: new…

Featured Publications

Journal Article

Citizens’ aid preferences amid state collapse: Experimental evidence from Haiti

April 2026
Ana Isabel López García & Sarah Berens
Partner Publication

The Politics of Passage: Roadblocks, Taxation and Control in Conflict

June 2024
Peer Schouten, Max Gallien, Shalaka Thakur, Vanessa van den Boogaard & Florian Weigand
Working Paper

Beyond Greed: Why Armed Groups Tax

November 2021
Tanya Bandula-Irwin, Max Gallien, Ashley Jackson, Vanessa van den Boogaard & Florian Weigand
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Related blogs

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Addis Ababa busy street view
February 2026|
Blog

Roadblock taxation: the dangers of extra-legal payments in Ethiopia

by Zerihun Asegid

In recent years, Ethiopia has witnessed a significant rise in one particularly harmful extra-legal practice: roadblock taxation. …

General street scene in Hamar Weyne market in the Somali capital Mogadishu
April 2025|
Blog

Why tax matters in fragile states and how donors can support it

by Vanessa van den Boogaard

Fragile contexts are home to 24% of the world’s population (1.9 billion people), and three-quarters (73%)…

February 2025|
Blog

In the Midst of Conflict and Gang Rule: What Would Make Haiti’s Wealthy Supportive of Property Tax?

by Ana Isabel López García & Sarah Berens

Imagine living in a country where non-state actors provide most basic services instead of the state,…

Andrew Kayanu Traffic Check ATM painting
June 2023|
Blog

Roadblocks and revenues: new geographies of taxation in conflict

by Mina Radončić & Markus Geray

Checking out checkpoints The DIIS, together with the ICTD and the Centre on Armed Groups, hosted…

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International Centre for Tax and Development, Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Brighton, BN1 9RE, United Kingdom
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